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James Leal Greenleaf (July 30, 1857 — April 15, 1933) was an American landscape architect and civil engineer. Early in his career, he was a well-known landscape architect who designed the gardens and grounds of many large estates in Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York. He was appointed to the United States Commission of Fine Arts in 1918, and served until 1927. He was the landscape architect for the Lincoln Memorial (finished in 1922), and a consulting landscape architect for the Arlington Memorial Bridge (designed in 1925 and finished in 1932). ==Life and career== Greenleaf was born in 1857 in Kortright, New York. His father, Thomas Greenleaf, was a member of the prominent Greenleaf merchant family, but had retired to Kortright due to failing health.〔Birnbaum and Karson, p. 146.〕 His mother, Eleanor Leal, was of Dutch and Scottish descent.〔Chamberlain, p. 558.〕 He was the fourth of five children, and the only son, born to Thomas and Eleanor.〔 The Greenleafs were Huguenots who fled France, anglicizing their family name (Feuillevert) to Greenleaf. Greenleaf's great-great-great-great-grandfather, Edmund, was born in 1574 in Ipswich, Suffolk, England. His great-great-grandfather, Enoch, was born there in 1647, and the entire family emigrated to Salisbury, Connecticut, in 1650.〔(Greenleaf, p. 71, 75-76. ) Accessed 2012-10-29.〕 His great-grandfather, Thomas, was the founder and editor of ''Greenleaf's New Daily Advertiser''.〔"James Greenleaf Dies at Age of 75." ''New York Times.'' April 16, 1933.〕 He was a distant relative of James Greenleaf, the infamous Washington, D.C., land speculator and whose sister married Noah Webster (whose newspaper later merged with the ''New Daily Advertiser'').〔Snyder, p. 87.〕 Greenleaf later credited his childhood in the Catskill Mountains for giving him a love of landscape architecture.〔 His father's wealth enabled Greenleaf to be educated at Delaware Academy in Delhi, New York. He entered the School of Mines at Columbia University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1880. After graduation, Greenleaf was hired by the United States Census to engage in a two-year survey of water power.〔 He worked primarily in the areas around Niagara Falls, the Mississippi River, and in Alabama.〔 Greenleaf took a teaching position as an Assistant at the Columbia School of Mines in 1882. He was promoted to Tutor, Instructor, and Assistant Professor. Increasingly engaged in the practice of civil engineering, he became an Adjunct Professor, and then left the school entirely in 1894 to become a full-time civil engineer.〔 In the late 1890s, Greenleaf turned to the practice of landscape architecture.〔("James Neal Greenleaf." archINFORM.net. February 12, 2013. ) Accessed 2013-04-18.〕 Working primarily on Long Island and in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Westchester County, he designed estates for Frederick William Vanderbilt ("Hyde Park" in Hyde Park, New York),〔Griswold, Weller, and Rollins, p. 73.〕 C. Ledyard Blair ("Blairsden" in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey),〔(Griswold, Mac. "A Turn-of-the-Century Jewel in the New Jersey Rough." ''Tuscaloosa News.'' May 28, 1998, p. 8G. ) Accessed 2013-04-18.〕 Mortimer L. Schiff ("Northwood" in Oyster Bay, New York),〔 Jacob Schiff ("Seabright" in Red Bank, New Jersey),〔''The Studio Yearbook of Decorative Art'', p. 144.〕 and a number of estates for the Pratt family: Pratt Oval (Charles Pratt),〔Griswold, Weller, and Rollins, p. 102.〕 The Braes (Herbert L. Pratt),〔Sclare and Sclare, p. 95; (Hubel, Joy Alter. "Gilded Age Estates Hold a Key to Open-Space Efforts." ''New York Times.'' October 26, 1997 ), accessed 2013-04-18.〕 Welwyn (Harold I. Pratt)〔〔Authorship of this landscape design is disputed, and may be by Martha Brookes Hutcheson. See: Zaitzevsky, p. 65, 70.〕 The Manor House (John Teele Pratt),〔 Poplar Hill (Frederic B. Pratt),〔 and Killenworth (George Dupont Pratt).〔Zaitzevsky, p. 265.〕 Killenworth is considered his greatest achievement.〔 Pratt's most visible landscape design, however, was for the Lincoln Memorial, which he did for memorial designer Henry Bacon between 1913 and 1916.〔Sclare and Sclare, p. 100.〕 President Woodrow Wilson appointed Greenleaf to the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts in 1918. He served on this body, which had statutory approval authority over the design and siting of memorials and monuments in Washington, D.C., as well as advisory authority over building design in the city, until 1927.〔Kohler, p. 249.〕 After World War I, he authored the landscape design for seven American battlefield cemeteries in France and Belgium: Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, Flanders Field American Cemetery and Memorial, Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial, Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial, Somme American Cemetery and Memorial, St. Mihiel American Cemetery and Memorial, and Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial.〔 During his time on the Commission of Fine Arts, Greenleaf consulted on landscape design in a number of national parks.〔 In 1924, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. After his retirement from public service in 1927, Greenleaf rarely worked. However, he did consult with the firm of McKim, Mead and White on the landscape design around Arlington Memorial Bridge in 1931 and 1932.〔 In retirement, Greenleaf devoted himself to landscape painting, working primarily in Italy and on the Isle of Skye.〔 His work was exhibited at the National Academy of Design in New York City.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Leal Greenleaf」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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